Arrow

Arrow Generic

beginner

arrow-generic provides meta programming facilities over Product types (data classes, tuples, heterogeneous lists…). It also provides the Coproduct type, similar to sealed classes.

Install

compile 'io.arrow-kt:arrow-generic:$arrow_version'

Features

Coproduct

Coproducts represent a sealed hierarchy of types where only one of the specified set of types exist every time. Conceptually, it’s very similar to the stdlib sealed class, or to Either if we move on to Arrow data types. Either supports one of two values, an Either<A, B> has to contain an instance of A or B. We can extrapolate that concept to N number of types. So a Coproduct5<A, B, C, D, E> has to contain an instance of A, B, C, D, or E. For example, perhaps there’s a search function for a Car Dealer app that can show Dealerships, Cars and SalesPersons in a list, we could model that list of results as List<Coproduct3<Dealership, Car, SalesPerson>. The result would contain a list of heterogeneous elements but each element is one of Dealership, Car or SalesPerson and our UI can render the list elements based on those types.

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.*

fun toDisplayValues(items: List<Coproduct3<Car, Dealership, Salesperson>>): List<String> {
  return items.map {
    it.fold(
            { "Car: Speed: ${it.speed.kmh}" },
            { "Dealership: ${it.location}" },
            { "Salesperson: ${it.name}"}
    )
  }
}

fun main() {
    println(
        toDisplayValues(
            listOf<Coproduct3<Car, Dealership, Salesperson>>(
                Car(Speed(100)).first(),
                Dealership("Cedar Falls, Iowa").second(),
                Salesperson("Car McCarface").third()
            )
        )
    )
}

Let’s say we have an api. Our api operates under the following conditions:

Every endpoint could tell the client, ServerError, UserUnauthorized or OverRequestLimit.
For specific endpoints, we may have specific results to the context of what they do, for example, an endpoint for registering a Car for some service. This endpoint could return to us CarAlreadyRegistered, StolenCar or SuccessfullyRegistered. For fun, let’s say the SuccessfullyRegistered response also contains a Registration object with some data.

Because we have some common errors that every endpoint can return to us, we can define a sealed class of these and call them CommonServerError because they make sense to be sealed together for reusability. Likewise, we can logically group our specific errors into RegistrationError and we have Registration as our success type.

The most obvious approach would be to use Kotlin’s sealed class to create a return type for this api call:

sealed class ApiResult {
  data class CommonServerError(val value: CommonServerError): ApiResult()
  data class RegistrationError(val value: RegistrationError): ApiResult()
  data class Registration(val value: Registration): ApiResult()
}

Immediately we can observe there’s boilerplate to this approach. We need to make a data class that just holds a single value to combine these results to a common type. Any time we need to add to ApiResult we need to go through and add another wrapping class to conform it to this type.

Upon using it we can also observe that there’s unwrapping that needs to take place to actually use the values:

fun handleResult(apiResult: ApiResult): String {
  return when (apiResult) {
    is ApiResult.CommonServerError -> "Common: ${apiResult.value}"
    is ApiResult.RegistrationError -> "RegistrationError: ${apiResult.value}"
    is ApiResult.Registration -> "Registration: ${apiResult.value}"
  }
}

With Coproducts, we’re able to define a result for this api call as typealias ApiResult = Coproduct3<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>. We’ve been able to compose these results without having to write our own sealed class containing all the common errors for each endpoint. This lets us flatten a layer of boilerplate by abstracting the sealed hierarchy and lets us freely compose types from different domain types.

Constructors

So now that we’ve got our api response modeled, we need to be able to create an instance of Coproduct3.

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.First


fun main() {
    println(
        //sampleStart
        First<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>(ServerError)
        //sampleEnd
    )
}

Coproducts are backed by a sealed class hierarchy and we can use the data classes to create Coproducts. The class names resemble the index of the generic, for example, Coproduct3<A, B, C> has First, Second and Third. First references the A, Second references the B and so forth.

If we pass in a value that doesn’t correspond to any types on the Coproduct, it won’t compile:

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.First

fun main() {
    println(
        //sampleStart
        First<String, RegistrationError, Registration>(ServerError)
        //sampleEnd
    )
}
javax.script.ScriptException: error: type mismatch: inferred type is ServerError but String was expected
        First<String, RegistrationError, Registration>(ServerError)
                                                       ^

	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.repl.KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.compileAndEval(KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.kt:65)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.repl.KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.eval(KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.kt:31)
	at javax.script.AbstractScriptEngine.eval(AbstractScriptEngine.java:264)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$compileCode$1.invoke(interpreter.kt:164)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$compileCode$1.invoke(interpreter.kt:74)
	at kotlin.sequences.TransformingIndexedSequence$iterator$1.next(Sequences.kt:198)
	at arrow.data.SequenceK.foldLeft(SequenceK.kt:89)
	at arrow.data.extensions.SequenceKFoldable$DefaultImpls.foldLeft(sequence.kt:90)
	at arrow.data.extensions.sequence.foldable.Sequence$foldable$1.foldLeft(SequenceKFoldable.kt:261)
	at arrow.data.extensions.sequence.foldable.SequenceKFoldableKt.foldLeft(SequenceKFoldable.kt:29)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1.replaceAnkToLang(interpreter.kt:209)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1$1.invoke(ank.kt:34)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1$1.invoke(ank.kt)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$withAnkFiles$3.invoke(interpreter.kt:92)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$withAnkFiles$3.invoke(interpreter.kt:74)
	at kotlin.sequences.TransformingIndexedSequence$iterator$1.next(Sequences.kt:198)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toCollection(_Sequences.kt:691)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toMutableList(_Sequences.kt:721)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toList(_Sequences.kt:712)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1.invokeSuspend(ank.kt:36)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1.invoke(ank.kt)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$fxCancelable$1.invokeSuspend(MonadDefer.kt:79)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$fxCancelable$1.invoke(MonadDefer.kt)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$bindingCancellable$wrapReturn$1.invokeSuspend(MonadDefer.kt:63)
	at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:32)
	at kotlin.coroutines.ContinuationKt.startCoroutine(Continuation.kt:127)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.bindingCancellable(MonadDefer.kt:64)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.bindingCancellable(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.bindingCancellable(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable(MonadDefer.kt:79)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.fxCancelable(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable$default(MonadDefer.kt:78)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fx(MonadDefer.kt:85)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fx(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.fx(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt.ank(ank.kt:19)
	at arrow.ank.main.main(main.kt:13)

Extensions

constructors

You might be saying “That’s great and all but passing in values as parameters is so Java, I want something more Kotlin!”. Well look no further, just like Either’s left() and right() extension methods, Coproducts can be created with an extension method on any type:

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.*

fun main() {
    //sampleStart
    println(ServerError.first<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>())
    println(CarAlreadyRegistered.second<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>())
    //sampleEnd
}

All we have to do is provide the type parameters and we can make a Coproduct using the extension methods. Just like the data classes, if the type of the value isn’t in the type parameters of the method call, or it’s not in the correct type parameter index, it won’t compile:

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.first

fun main() {
    println(
        //sampleStart
        "String".first<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>()
        //sampleEnd
    )
}
javax.script.ScriptException: error: type mismatch: inferred type is String but CommonServerError was expected
        "String".first<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>()
        ^

	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.repl.KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.compileAndEval(KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.kt:65)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.repl.KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.eval(KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.kt:31)
	at javax.script.AbstractScriptEngine.eval(AbstractScriptEngine.java:264)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$compileCode$1.invoke(interpreter.kt:164)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$compileCode$1.invoke(interpreter.kt:74)
	at kotlin.sequences.TransformingIndexedSequence$iterator$1.next(Sequences.kt:198)
	at arrow.data.SequenceK.foldLeft(SequenceK.kt:89)
	at arrow.data.extensions.SequenceKFoldable$DefaultImpls.foldLeft(sequence.kt:90)
	at arrow.data.extensions.sequence.foldable.Sequence$foldable$1.foldLeft(SequenceKFoldable.kt:261)
	at arrow.data.extensions.sequence.foldable.SequenceKFoldableKt.foldLeft(SequenceKFoldable.kt:29)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1.replaceAnkToLang(interpreter.kt:209)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1$1.invoke(ank.kt:34)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1$1.invoke(ank.kt)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$withAnkFiles$3.invoke(interpreter.kt:92)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$withAnkFiles$3.invoke(interpreter.kt:74)
	at kotlin.sequences.TransformingIndexedSequence$iterator$1.next(Sequences.kt:198)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toCollection(_Sequences.kt:691)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toMutableList(_Sequences.kt:721)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toList(_Sequences.kt:712)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1.invokeSuspend(ank.kt:36)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1.invoke(ank.kt)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$fxCancelable$1.invokeSuspend(MonadDefer.kt:79)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$fxCancelable$1.invoke(MonadDefer.kt)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$bindingCancellable$wrapReturn$1.invokeSuspend(MonadDefer.kt:63)
	at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:32)
	at kotlin.coroutines.ContinuationKt.startCoroutine(Continuation.kt:127)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.bindingCancellable(MonadDefer.kt:64)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.bindingCancellable(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.bindingCancellable(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable(MonadDefer.kt:79)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.fxCancelable(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable$default(MonadDefer.kt:78)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fx(MonadDefer.kt:85)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fx(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.fx(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt.ank(ank.kt:19)
	at arrow.ank.main.main(main.kt:13)

fold

Obviously, we’re not just modeling errors for fun, we’re going to handle them! All Coproducts have fold which allows us to condense the Coproduct down to a single type. For example, we could handle errors as such in a UI:

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.*

fun handleCommonError(commonError: CommonServerError) {
    println("Encountered a common error $commonError")
}

fun showCarAlreadyRegistered() {
    println("Car is already registered")
}

fun callPolice() {
    println("That car is stolen!!!!1!")
}

fun showCarSuccessfullyRegistered(car: Car) {
    println("Successfully Registered!")
}

fun renderApiResult(apiResult: Coproduct3<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>) = apiResult.fold(
            { commonError -> handleCommonError(commonError) },
            { registrationError ->
                when (registrationError) {
                    CarAlreadyRegistered -> showCarAlreadyRegistered()
                    StolenCar -> callPolice()
                }
            },
            { registration ->
                val registeredCar = registration.car

                showCarSuccessfullyRegistered(registeredCar)
            }
    )

fun main() {
    renderApiResult(Registration(Car(Speed(100))).third())
}

This example returns Unit because all of these are side effects, let’s say our application was built for a command line and we just have to show a String for the result of the call (if only it was always that easy):

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.*

fun renderApiResult(apiResult: Coproduct3<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>): String = apiResult.fold(
            { commonError ->
                when (commonError) {
                    ServerError -> "Server error, try again later."
                    UserUnauthorized -> "Unauthorized!"
                    OverRequestLimit -> "Too many api requests, try again later."
                }
            },
            { registrationError ->
                when (registrationError) {
                    CarAlreadyRegistered -> "Car already registered."
                    StolenCar -> "Car reported stolen!"
                }
            },
            { registration ->
                "Successfully Registered: $registration.car"
            }
    )

fun main() {
    println(renderApiResult(Registration(Car(Speed(100))).third()))
}

Here we’re able to return the result of the fold and since it’s exhaustively evaluated, we’re forced to handle all cases! Neat! Let’s say we also want to store the Registration object into our database when we successfully register a car. We don’t really want to have to fold over every single case just to handle something for the Registration, this is where select<T> comes to the rescue!

select

We’re able to take a Coproduct and select the type we care about from it. select returns an Option, if the value of the Coproduct was for the type you’re trying to select, you’ll get Some, if it was not the type used with select, you’ll get None.

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.Coproduct3
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.select
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.first

fun handleApiResult(
        database: Database,
        apiResult: Coproduct3<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>
): Unit {
    apiResult.select<Registration>()
            .fold(
                    {}, //Wasn't Registration, nothing to do here
                    { database.insertRegistration(it) }
            )
}

fun main() {
    println(
        ServerError.first<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>()
            .select<RegistrationError>()
    )
}

select can only be called with a type that exists on the Coproduct, if the type doesn’t exist, it won’t compile:

import arrow.generic.*
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.Coproduct3
import arrow.generic.coproduct3.select

fun main() {
    println(
        //sampleStart
        ServerError.first<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>()
                    .select<String>()
        //sampleEnd
    )
}
javax.script.ScriptException: error: type mismatch: inferred type is Coproduct3<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration> but Coproduct3<String, *, *> was expected
        ServerError.first<CommonServerError, RegistrationError, Registration>()
        ^

	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.repl.KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.compileAndEval(KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.kt:65)
	at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.repl.KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.eval(KotlinJsr223JvmScriptEngineBase.kt:31)
	at javax.script.AbstractScriptEngine.eval(AbstractScriptEngine.java:264)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$compileCode$1.invoke(interpreter.kt:164)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$compileCode$1.invoke(interpreter.kt:74)
	at kotlin.sequences.TransformingIndexedSequence$iterator$1.next(Sequences.kt:198)
	at arrow.data.SequenceK.foldLeft(SequenceK.kt:89)
	at arrow.data.extensions.SequenceKFoldable$DefaultImpls.foldLeft(sequence.kt:90)
	at arrow.data.extensions.sequence.foldable.Sequence$foldable$1.foldLeft(SequenceKFoldable.kt:261)
	at arrow.data.extensions.sequence.foldable.SequenceKFoldableKt.foldLeft(SequenceKFoldable.kt:29)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1.replaceAnkToLang(interpreter.kt:209)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1$1.invoke(ank.kt:34)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1$1.invoke(ank.kt)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$withAnkFiles$3.invoke(interpreter.kt:92)
	at arrow.ank.InterpreterKt$monadDeferInterpreter$1$withAnkFiles$3.invoke(interpreter.kt:74)
	at kotlin.sequences.TransformingIndexedSequence$iterator$1.next(Sequences.kt:198)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toCollection(_Sequences.kt:691)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toMutableList(_Sequences.kt:721)
	at kotlin.sequences.SequencesKt___SequencesKt.toList(_Sequences.kt:712)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1.invokeSuspend(ank.kt:36)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt$ank$$inlined$with$lambda$1.invoke(ank.kt)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$fxCancelable$1.invokeSuspend(MonadDefer.kt:79)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$fxCancelable$1.invoke(MonadDefer.kt)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$bindingCancellable$wrapReturn$1.invokeSuspend(MonadDefer.kt:63)
	at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:32)
	at kotlin.coroutines.ContinuationKt.startCoroutine(Continuation.kt:127)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.bindingCancellable(MonadDefer.kt:64)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.bindingCancellable(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.bindingCancellable(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable(MonadDefer.kt:79)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.fxCancelable(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fxCancelable$default(MonadDefer.kt:78)
	at arrow.effects.typeclasses.MonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fx(MonadDefer.kt:85)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.IOMonadDefer$DefaultImpls.fx(io.kt)
	at arrow.effects.extensions.io.monadDefer.IOMonadDeferKt$monadDefer$1.fx(IOMonadDefer.kt:151)
	at arrow.ank.AnkKt.ank(ank.kt:19)
	at arrow.ank.main.main(main.kt:13)